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Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. (Boulding, 1969). Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. correct. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Marco is using an example of. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. $K{.-hC ;{l8S Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. KING, B.T. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. Social Researcher. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. PDF Cognitivd Complianc Es Consequence of Force E The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. 48 0 obj All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. /ImageB According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. /O 49 After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. ---------------------References: According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. His data, however did not support this idea. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? 4. Like Explorable? Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. 2. 1 47 14 On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Half of the repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. The S worked at this task for another half hour. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. There is another possible way, however. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. 0 Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Introducing Cram Folders! Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction? How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. ] The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Therefore the person's attitude changes. 0000094931 00000 n This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. Cite details from the essay that support your response. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? York University, Toronto, Ontario. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. He did this for one-half hour. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. New York: Harper & Row. %PDF-1.7 % 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. /Root 48 0 R He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. 2. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. (p.3). 1. Instead the opposite happened. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. Oct. 2011. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. Social Researcher. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Sandy was using_______ processing. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. The five ratings were: 1. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". To which he readily agrees. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. (Boulding, 1969) A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). Cognitive Dissonance: Theory, Examples & How to Reduce It Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. Scott, W. A. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Description of Study In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. & KING, B.T. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. New York Times, p.C1. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Instead the opposite happened. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. This is an example of_______ cause. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. 49 0 obj Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes Cognitive Dissonance. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. AP Psychology Unit 9 Flashcards | Quizlet $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. 2. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties.