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Spycraft: The Great Game, Part 1 (or, Parallel Spies) Labour had problems with trade unions- more strikes in the country. Morrison, was moved to minister of employment, Proposed introduction of Conservatives promised to reduce taxes but keep the NHS. WW2) needed loans to sustain economy, Keynes 1945 secures Dunkirk triggered many people to blame the conservatives and their previous leaders for appeasement. This massive reform of the 1945-1946 period was dealt a blow in February 1947, when the government faced a fuel crisis. They also caused higher taxes, and the unstable economy caused many voters to demonise labour in 1951. support for the party. Labour gave independence to India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma, and pulled out of Palestine. Atlee used this as an opportunity to emphasise that although Churchill was a great wartime leader he was not such a good domestic politician. While it cannot be disputed that Labour kept their campaign simple, it would be ill-advised to declare that it helped enormously. members, Alongside this was the memory from As Labour struggled to legislate effectively, and following another badly-handled balance of payments crisis in the summer of 1951, Attlee dissolved Parliament in September and Labour subsequently lost - albeit narrowly - the October election. The 1945-1946 period of Labour government sought to address some key difficulties facing the nation following World War II. The first-past-the-post system played a key role in both winning Labour the vote in 1945 and losing it in 1951. The campaign is all too often seen as the most important factor in Labour's landslide victory in 1945, however it is of less importance than the war or their policies, for example. 1946/47 winter which had dire food/ fuel As Labour struggled to legislate effectively, and following another badly-handled balance of payments crisis in the summer of 1951, Attlee dissolved Parliament in September and Labour subsequently lost albeit narrowly the October election. response of Tory MP to ","created_at":"2015-05-24T10:39:56Z","updated_at":"2016-02-19T08:09:05Z","sample":false,"description":"","alerts_enabled":true,"cached_tag_list":"britain, history, 1951, labour, defeat, alevel, attlee, churchill, election, victory","deleted_at":null,"hidden":false,"average_rating":null,"demote":false,"private":false,"copyable":true,"score":35,"artificial_base_score":0,"recalculate_score":false,"profane":false,"hide_summary":false,"tag_list":["britain","history","1951","labour","defeat","alevel","attlee","churchill","election","victory"],"admin_tag_list":[],"study_aid_type":"MindMap","show_path":"/mind_maps/2798048","folder_id":675903,"public_author":{"id":348222,"profile":{"name":"alinam","about":null,"avatar_service":"gravatar","locale":"en-GB","google_author_link":null,"user_type_id":141,"escaped_name":"alinam","full_name":"alinam","badge_classes":""}}},"width":300,"height":250,"rtype":"MindMap","rmode":"canonical","sizes":"[[[0, 0], [[300, 250]]]]","custom":[{"key":"env","value":"production"},{"key":"rtype","value":"MindMap"},{"key":"rmode","value":"canonical"},{"key":"sequence","value":1},{"key":"uauth","value":"f"},{"key":"uadmin","value":"f"},{"key":"ulang","value":"en_us"},{"key":"ucurrency","value":"usd"}]}. Nowhere was there any challenge to the basic Tory idea that workers should pay the price for the economic crisis, and if they refused, their basic rights should be attacked. Then, the second ministry saw a fractious Parliamentary party being further divided over the Korean War and the advancement of the National Health Service, leading up to a comfortable Tory win in the October 1951 election. a8a56820-44a0-4a9a-8187-fafb017abb00 (image/jpg), 8f36ad5d-3853-456a-9ff6-bdaabf691996 (image/jpg), c55c2574-fee6-48c9-ba8e-44fc34928bdf (image/jpg), e49a14d7-993b-49bd-9e9f-d594e2a70129 (image/jpg), 513b94d5-0e2d-4180-b58e-d389eb13cc5f (image/jpg), dd237af4-9d8e-494a-8b1e-c60544884a89.gif (image/gif), 40b0897e-0340-4b7e-af81-65768eaa4fb8 (image/jpg), 0ae72221-e96f-4b35-ad23-e78e4f949912 (image/png), Daily Express: "while he knew Economic problems e.g. Within the Cabinet, Gaitskells decision to expand the defence budget at the expense of domestic spending enraged health minister Nye Bevan in particular, who resigned as a response to the Korean deployment. In 1945 the Conservatives had suffered from being divided and disorganised, while Labour had been strong and united. He beat the Zeitgeist, the vibe and the emotional appeals while leaving Clive Palmer and the Greens failing to live up to expectations. To gain an understanding of the election one must study the context surrounding the election. Divisions over appeasement, foreign policy and rearmament deeply weakened Labour. Most significantly, Labour established the NHS in 1948, they also brought about various other reforms pertaining to welfare. The 1945-1946 period of Labour government sought to address some key difficulties facing the nation following World War II. The election was held on Thursday 23 February 1950, and was the first held following the abolition of plural voting and university constituencies. which Gaiskell set out People had lost trust in the conservatives and blamed them for Britains military short-comings, and this was important for Labours rise in support. and were in decline - government supporting Morisson, the Deputy Prime Minister, believed that. however we spent the time on social reform. Chicago's bitter election is now a nasty runoff The changes appear to have been hugely beneficial to the majority of the population. How Labour Governments Fall: From Ramsey MacDonald to Gordon Brown, Aspects of British Political History 1914- 1995, The Lessons of 19451951 Tories in Opposition. Pearce's reinterpretation argument makes the most sense because policies like appeasement were relatively popular at the time. It had several effects, all of which were harmful in both the long and short term. system, Alongside the abolishment of However by 1945 Labour was a strong, organised and well respected party, whilst the Conservatives were weakened by the war and internal splits. Essay on why Labour failed to renew itself after it fulfilled its 1945 manifesto By 1947, more than one fifth of British industry had been drawn into public ownership. The 1946 National Insurance Act was also a key domestic reform of the Attlee government. National income had fallen by a quarter during the War, meaning that many export markets needed to be recovered lest Britain face financial ruin. Having been given such a considerable mandate to rebuild the country in 1945, the Attlee post-war government lost popular support considerably over the next six years. By 1951, however, their roles had reversed. Gaitskell and Morrison (Deputy Prime Minister) both doubted whether Labour would be able to defeat the Conservatives in 1951, owing to their loss of seats in the 1950 election. How Did The Petrov Affair Affect Australia | ipl.org years of the Conservative (48.0%) not gaining the role of foreign sec- given to H. Attlee's reputation rose during the 1945 electoral campaign. billion he had hoped for, Repayable at 25 October 1951 The ageing Conservative leader Winston Churchill won the 1951 election with a comfortable majority. The war had undoubtedly played a major role in the elections, being seen as a people's war it broke down social boundaries and caused a shift to the left. social reforms were needed. Explanation: How many seats did the Conservatives win in 1951, What policies were Labour associated with, What was one area the Labour party were divided on, How did Lord Woolton help the Tories reform, How many houses did the Tories promise to build each year, What did they promise to show rationing had ended, What was the name of the 1948 law which changed constituency boundaries, What party saw their vote fall from 2.6 million to 730,556, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. This people's war was very beneficial to Labour in warming people to socialist ideologies, and their belief on the war being not just a fight against the fascist Germany, but a struggle for a prosperous post-war Britain was welcomed by the electorate. Labours changes, The Spectator wrote: The conservatives of Labour argued that they had earned their independence by fighting in WW2, and that it was not economically viable to sustain them. Although there was some tangible degree of divisions within the party over the banality and unradical approach, with many backbenchers urging a return to the early zealousness for national change, it was not this issue which harmed the party most. The Attlee governments of 1945 to 1951 can be divided into four key sections. human beings", Tarnished image by the end of time in administration, Devaluation of from Nevertheless, the war was clearly more important in raising Atlee's reputation among Britons because Attlee was effectively completely in charge of the homefront for the duration of the war. Every loser wins | Elections past | The Guardian There was. The Conservatives, on the other hand, met the report with lukewarm support, disliking Nationalisation and the Welfare State. Between 1948 and the election year 1950, Labour was committed to a period of tighter spending and more austere demands placed upon citizens. An Overlooked Reason Why Labour Lost In 1983 - Blogger There was nothing like the self-destructive trade union protests and strikes of the 1979 'Winter of . Positions like these allowed the Labour MPs to prove that they were, in fact, very skilled and also gave them invaluable experience. Why Did Labour Lose Power in 1951 | PDF | Labour Party (Uk) | National Health Service Why did Labour lose power in 1951 - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This split was a key moment in the demise of Attlees government. Betty Boothroyd dies age 93: Tributes paid to first woman Speaker of In this essay, I will look at the factors which led to the Labour . Their election campaign was heavily based off the idea that, if voted into power, there would be a period of consolidation after the previous years of innovation. Concerns about the permissive society e.g. Labour 315 administration would lead to plural voting- 1948 Gaitskell adopted a similarly pragmatic approach to Britains budgetary problems and kept typically socialist long-term economic planning to a minimum. Maybe not the most important factor, but definitely worth noting, is the fact that the UK employs a first-past-the-post electoral system. One of the major issues Labour had to face was how to rebuild Britain following the end of the Second World War, it also had to face the decolonisation of the British Empire and the loss of key figures within the party due to age and illness by 1951. 20. century British politics had been dominated by the conservatives, and Labour had never formed a workable majority before 1945. Firstly, the Parliamentary party was split in its loyalties to the party leadership, and cohesion within the legislature was less assured. 1950 Surplus 297 million fell to Under the head "Peace", the Labour manifesto said: "The Tory (Conservative) still thinks in terms of Victorian imperialism and colonial exploitation. This split caused to distinct groups to form within Labour; the Bevanites and the Gaitsgillites. called for Why does the Macdonald Bridge need redecking anyway? Sarah from CollectifbdpHi there, would you like to get such a paper? Nevertheless, the war was clearly more important in raising Atlee's reputation among Britons because Attlee was effectively completely in charge of the homefront for the duration of the war. Labour's achievements, or rather what they did not achieve, can be linked as to why they lost: they had arguably successfully set up a welfare state but had also induced an economic crisis. Attlee was aware that these changes to the voting system may It was the first election in which Labour gained a majority of seats and the first in which it won a plurality of votes. This caused widespread discontent as even during the war, bread had not been rationed. After the shock of the 1945 election, Labour appointed Lord Woolton as their party chairman: he was central to the revitalisation of the Conservatives and reorganised the conservative party effectively. The dynamic nature of our site means that Javascript must be enabled to function properly. Although this was not much in terms of the popular vote, Labour lost 78 seats and the Conservatives gained 101; Labour were left with a majority of just five seats. year ect. Britain's involvement in the Korean War had not been a popular decision. that there was a missed opportuinty for Labour's promises of social reforms won them many votes, however it was these promises which led to their failure in 1951, when many people believed that the promises hadn't been delivered. History-UK-BK1-Labour-1951 election. there had been limited industrial reform and Looking at the Labour government in these four sections of reform, of crisis, of consolidation and of division helps us to see where the party lost its huge majority. large amounts in payouts, Labours 1950 manifest included In addition, after the Korean War broke out in 1950, Britain decided to rearm. The year 1947 brought an abrupt end to the honeymoon, as the government was forced to shift focus from massive reform to crisis management in response to fuel and trade shortages. While Labour managed to retain much working class support largely because of the role class identification was playing in determining partisan support at this time the middle class had quickly become disaffected. spectacles and dentures. 1940 was the year when the foundations of political power shifted decisively leftwards for a decade By the autumn of 1942 a major upheaval in public opinion had taken place. 1983: the biggest myth in Labour Party history | Red Pepper Politicians are often rejected by voters because they have failed in office. why did labour lose the 1951 election. until after the election on the grounds of "morality" which was the Food subsidies were sustained in order to negate inflation in living costs; levels of progressive taxation were preserved; regional development was the favoured way to control mass unemployment in the areas of urban industrial decline; nationalisation was seen as the solution in reviving core industries such as mining, which had been faltering in private hands. The Conservative victory in 1951 is typically attributed either to the failures of Attlee's government - devaluation, the Bevanite revolt - or to the achievements of Churchill's opposition, including Lord Woolton's reforms and the acceptance of the "post-war consensus". The economy's recovery was further hindered by the short-sighted need to remain a world power. Both of these policies were unpopular amongst the mass electorate, and rationing caused consternation most notably the middle class, to whom the need for wartime prudence was no longer apparent. Labour actually gained fewer votes than in 1959, but the Conservatives lost 1.6 million votes and the Liberals gained over 1.5 million votes. This large Parliamentary shift, in the face of an unremarkable swing in the popular vote, can be attributed partly to Labours loss of the middle class vote. '51 was an attempt that backfired to increase the labour majority - but in reality they only lost 22 seats in that election. 419 million in 1951, Increase in defence expenditure by 4.7 billion, Issues rose in Labour's manifesto was based around the Beveridge report and the Nationalisation of industries, ideas that had been tested during the war and were found to work. Chris Harman: Why Labour fails (June 1979) - marxists.org You need to log in to complete this action! Homefront experiences had also caused a rise in support for Labour: evacuees educated many people to the realities of poverty in Britain's cities and the Blitz brought people together in communal bomb shelters and broke down social barriers. It called for a reelection the next year. Just over a year later, with the Labour government in deep internal crisis and running out of steam, yet another election was called. Just over a year later, with the Labour government in deep crisis about a number of ill-conceived policies, yet another election was called. The rise and fall of New Labour - BBC News Just by losing a core of middle class voters, Labour lost a great many marginal contests and most particularly in the well-to-do constituencies of southern and south-eastern England. Rather, the balance of payments problem forced the non-idealists within the leadership to face the necessary curtailing of public spending. Unpopular policies like high taxes. These party reforms and the reorganisation proved worthwhile, as can be seen in the 8% boost in votes. Britains involvement in the Korean War also enabled the Conservatives to play on Churchills war hero status. Chamberlain's actions before the war had indeed lost the Conservatives much respect and had made them look weak to many people who saw Labour as the only reliable alternative. Understandably, the architect and far left member of the party, Bevan, was enraged at this suggestion. The state of the economy had contributed to both elections also 1945 voters remembered the conservative led crippled economy of the 1930s; and in 1951 voters judged labour on the struggling economy of the time. Dunkirk triggered many people to blame the conservatives and their previous leaders for appeasement. Less than half the price of our monthly plan. priorities, Coal mining-1947 While this gave them a temporary boost in the polls, it did nothing but hinder them in the long term. They had beaten the Conservatives by a clear 8% however in 51 they only had a 0.8% lead on the votes, as to why they didn't win after getting more votes one has to examine the first past the post system. Their living standards had not radically altered since 1945, and the significance of many of these voters is that they voted in marginal constituencies. so much about economics, Rather, the balance of payments problem forced the non-idealists within the leadership to face the necessary curtailing of public spending. Although progress was initially slow on this front, one million houses were eventually built and the housing problem was eased for a while. Conservative pre-war blunders played a key role in Labour's victory due to the electorate remembering these mistakes. keeping the NHS, Attractive party to businessmen Ten reasons Labor lost the unlosable election There are several causes which can be established, first by looking at the events of the Attlee years and then isolating those points at which factors were working toward the partys defeat. These problems, however, would have been inherent to any government of Britain at the time, but the fact was, Labour were held accountable. Mr Churchill's Declaration of Policy to the Electorate. Once more, it was the objection of the middle class voters to austere conditions which brought about the Parliamentary swing. His reaction in a crisis is to threaten force. The 1964 election was not a landslide victory like that of 1945. Most obviously, because the campaigns importance is overshadowed by the larger, more influential issues. Chamberlain's actions before the war had indeed lost the Conservatives much respect and had made them look weak to many people who saw Labour as the only reliable alternative. Gaitskell had imposed upon the health service prescription charges for glasses and false teeth, which to Bevan and other NHS idealists represented the betrayal of NHS founding principals. Then, the second ministry saw a fractious Parliamentary party being further divided over the Korean War and the advancement of the National Health Service, leading up to a comfortable Tory win in the October 1951 election. To the most left-wing Labour MPs and enthusiasts, this was a betrayal of socialist solidarity; on the other hand, to many more involved with the party this represented subservience to US demands. Following their post-war election defeat, the Conservatives were able to make significant improvements to the party between 1945 and 1951. Beveridge aimed to create a minimum standard of living and full employment and believed the five evils blocking these aims and reconstruction were: Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness.