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According to Burkinab writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo, the farther a person travelled from Niani, the more decentralised the mansa's power became. In Ibn Khaldun's account, Sundjata is recorded as Mari Djata with "Mari" meaning "Amir" or "Prince". After the reigns of two more emperors, Musa Keita became mansa in c. 1312. While the accounts are of limited length, they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height. To Musa, Islam was "an entry into the cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". He never took the field again after Kirina, but his generals continued to expand the frontier, especially in the west where they reached the Gambia River and the marches of Tekrur. [100], Arabic writers, such as Ibn Battuta and Abdallah ibn Asad al-Yafii, praised Musa's generosity, virtue, and intelligence. Answer (1 of 3): The same thing that happened to anybody else's wealth in history: it was spent, looted, donated, or otherwise distributed. During Musa's 25-year-rule the Mali Empire more than tripled in size and had significant influence in several modern day countries including Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, Burkino Faso and Chad. Much of the history is oral, given by professional "historians". This region straddles the border between what is now southern Mali and northeastern Guinea. 4. [93] He did not, however, hold the power of previous mansas because of the influence of his kankoro-sigui. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. What is evident is that there is no steady lineage governing the empire. The army of the Mali Empire used of a wide variety of weapons depending largely on where the troops originated. However, the legendary oral tradition that surrounds Keita suggests that he never turned away from his native religion. Ibn Battuta observed the employment of servants in both towns. [95] When he passed through Cairo, historian al-Maqrizi noted "the members of his entourage proceeded to buy Turkish and Ethiopian slave girls, singing girls and garments, so that the rate of the gold dinar fell by six dirhams.". Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. [125] Farin was a general term for northern commander at the time. [140], The Mali Empire maintained a semi-professional, full-time army in order to defend its borders. Ms Is pilgrimage caravan to Mecca in 1324 comprised some 60,000 people and an immeasurable amount of gold. He did however, maintain contacts with Morocco, sending a giraffe to King Abu Hassan. The Wangara, an Old Soninke Diaspora in West Africa? [110] Meanwhile, Songhai seized the salt mines of Taghazza in 1493. Historians who lived during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its standing army peaking at 100,000, with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. In their own country they use only slave women and men for transport, but for long journeys such as pilgrimages they have mounts. Ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. This thread is archived [133], There was no standard currency throughout the realm, but several forms were prominent by region. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. However, territories that were crucial to trade or subject to revolt would receive a farba. [79][80], Musa's reign is commonly regarded as Mali's golden age, but this perception may be the result of his reign being the best recorded by Arabic sources, rather than him necessarily being the wealthiest and most powerful mansa of Mali. The date of Mahmud's death and identity of his immediate successor are not recorded, and there is a gap of 65 years before another mansa's identity is recorded. The lands of Bambougou, Jalo (Fouta Djallon), and Kaabu were added into Mali by Fakoli Koroma (Nkrumah in Ghana, Kurumah in the Gambia, Colley in Casamance, Senegal),[70] Fran Kamara (Camara) and Tiramakhan Traore (Tarawelley in the Gambia),[77] respectively Among the many different ethnic groups surrounding Manden were Pulaar speaking groups in Macina, Tekrur and Fouta Djallon. [27] His list does not necessarily accurately reflect the actual organization of the Mali Empire,[28] and the identification of the listed provinces is controversial. He also brought architects from the Middle East and across Africa to design new buildings for his cities. Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. Returning with the combined armies of Mema, Wagadou and all the rebellious Mandinka city-states, Maghan Sundiata led a revolt against the Kaniaga Kingdom around 1234. [79] Some oral traditions agree with Ibn Khaldun in indicating that a son of Sunjata, named Yerelinkon in oral tradition and Wali in Arabic, took power as Sunjata's successor. According to Musa's own account, his predecessor as Mansa of Mali, presumably Muhammad ibn Qu,[31] launched two expeditions to explore the Atlantic Ocean (200 ships for the first exploratory mission and 2,000 ships for the second). The entire nation was mobilised, with each clan obligated to provide a quota of fighting-age men. There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa (the Manding term meaning Queen) Kassi and several army commanders. In the early 15th century, Mali was still powerful enough to conquer and settle new areas. [89][85] Contemporary Arabic sources may have been trying to express that Musa had more gold than they thought possible, rather than trying to give an exact number. Wagadou and Mema became junior partners in the realm and part of the imperial nucleus. [60] The anglicised version of this name, Sunjata, is also popular. This process was essential to keep non-Manding subjects loyal to the Manding elites that ruled them. [102] The text of Ibn Khaldun says "Gao, at this time is devastated". [46] Kangaba became the last refuge of the Keita royal family after the collapse of the Mali Empire, and so has for centuries been associated with Sundiata in the cultural imagination of Mande peoples. "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." Who Are the Mandinka? - HISTORY He built mosques and large public buildings in cities like Gao and, most famously, Timbuktu. A manuscript page from Timbuktu showing a table of astronomical information. Mansa Musa began extending the shores of the empire alongside amassing great wealth and riches. He is the resurrected spirit of Masuta the Ascended, the second boss in the first elite dungeon, Temple of Aminishi . The area was famous as a hunting ground for the large amount of game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation. In 1324, while staying in Cairo during his hajj, Mansa Musa, the ruler of the Mali Empire, told an Egyptian official whom he had befriended that he had come to rule when his predecessor led a fleet in an attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean and never returned. Niane, D. T.: "Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali". The only major setback to his reign was the loss of Mali's Dyolof province in Senegal. . Musa stayed in Cairo for three months, departing on 18 October[k] with the official caravan to Mecca. 05 Mar 2023. [123] Segou, defended by Bitn Coulibaly, successfully defended itself and Mama Maghan was forced to withdraw. [11][b] In Mand tradition, it was common for one's name to be prefixed by their mother's name, so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. Mansa Musa was the great nephew of Sundiata Keita, who was founder . The tarikh states that a Sultan Kunburu became a Muslim and had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque; he then built another palace for himself near the mosque on the east side. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. It was this pilgrimage that awakened the world to the stupendous wealth of Mali. Arabic sources omit Faga Leye, referring to Musa as Musa ibn Abi Bakr. By the 6th century AD, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's great empires. With a global population of some 11 million, the Mandinka are the best-known ethnic group of the Mande peoples, all of whom speak different dialects of the Mande language. Mansa Musa: A Captivating Guide to the Emperor of the Islamic Mali From the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library, Timbuktu. He belonged to the Keita Dynasty and came to power after Abu-Bakra-Keita II left on an expedition to explore the Atlantic Ocean, leaving Musa as his deputy and never returned. Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. The people of the south needed salt for their diet, but it was extremely rare. In the interregnum following Sunjata's death, the jomba or court slaves may have held power. Although this time in the kingdom was prosperous, Mali's wealth and power soon declined. Under Mansa Ms, Timbuktu grew to be a very important commercial city having caravan connections with Egypt and with all other important trade centres in North Africa. Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton. Salt was as valuable, if not more valuable, than gold in sub-Saharan Africa. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKi-ZerboNiane (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLevztionHopkins2000 (. Mansa Mari Djata, later named Sundiata Keita, saw the conquest of several key locals in the Mali Empire. [22] Oral tradition, as performed by the jeliw (sg. As soon as Sassouma's son Dankaran Touman took the throne, he and his mother forced the increasingly popular Sundjata into exile along with his mother and two sisters. [45], Many oral histories point to a town called Dakajalan as the original home of the Keita clan and Sundiata's childhood home and base of operations during the war against the Soso. Upon his return in 1324, Ms Is pious pilgrimage inspired him to commission two enormous mosques in Timbuktu and Gao. . Al-Nasir expected Musa to prostrate himself before him, which Musa initially refused to do. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Family tree, Tree, Kankan - Pinterest [116] Songhai authority over Bendugu and Kala declined by 1571, and Mali may have been able to reassert some authority over them. The 14th-century traveller Ibn Baah noted that it took about four months to travel from the northern borders of the Mali empire to Niani in the south. The Mandinka went on to form the powerful and rich Mali Empire, which produced the richest Black man who ever lived, King Mansa Musa. Certainly, his descendants were Muslim, and many went on pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj), and Keita's most famous descendent, Mansa Musa, dazzled Egypt and the Islamic world on his lavish pilgrimage east. One of the greatest caravans to ever cross the Sahara was led by Mansa Musa, the legendary ruler of the vast West African empire of Mali. [81] The territory of the Mali Empire was at its height during the reigns of Musa and his brother Sulayman, and covered the Sudan-Sahel region of West Africa. Musa was a very successful military leader. [98], The wealth of the Mali Empire did not come from direct control of gold-producing regions, but rather trade and tribute. Lange, Dierk (1996), "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana", Der Islam 73 (2): 313351. "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." Last modified October 17, 2020. Mansa Musa (1280-1337) - BlackPast.org It spanned the modern-day countries of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, northern Burkina Faso, western Niger, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana. The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions.[130]. The Bamana, likewise, vowed not to advance farther upstream than Niamina. Robert Smith, "The Canoe in West African History", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourgeois1987 (, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, "The Empire of Mali, In Our Time BBC Radio 4", "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources". In 1542, the Songhai invaded the capital city but were unsuccessful in conquering the empire. CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker. At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely influencing the culture of the region through the spread of its language, laws and customs. [111] This envoy from the Portuguese coastal port of Elmina arrived in response to the growing trade along the coast and Mali's now urgent request for military assistance against Songhai. Nelson, 1971. The Portuguese decided to stay out of the conflict and the talks concluded by 1495 without an alliance.[110]. [20] Arab interest in the Mali Empire declined after the Songhai conquered the northern regions of the empire which formed the primary contact between Mali and the Arab world. Please check the original source(s) for copyright information. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. [137], Copper was also a valued commodity in imperial Mali. All gold was immediately handed over to the imperial treasury in return for an equal value of gold dust. The Historic Hajj of Mansa Musa, King of Mali | About Islam The empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, centered around the Manding region. The last son of Maghan Keita I, Tenin Maghan Keita (also known as Kita Tenin Maghan Keita for the province he once governed) was crowned Mansa Maghan Keita II in 1387. [149], Imperial banner carried with Musa I in 1325 Hajj, Social, economic and governmental reformation. His reign is associated with numerous construction projects, including part of Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu. The other characteristic of this era is the gradual loss of its northern and eastern possessions to the rising Songhai Empire and the movement of the Mali's economic focus from the trans-Saharan trade routes to the burgeoning commerce along the coast. Mansa Musa was a smart, powerful, competent Islamic autocrat who ruled over and expanded the Malian empire. [75] This victory resulted in the fall of the Kaniaga kingdom and the rise of the Mali Empire. [43] Perhaps because of this, Musa's early reign was spent in continuous military conflict with neighboring non-Muslim societies. The other account claims that Gao had been conquered during the reign of Mansa Sakura. Still, throne names do not usually indicate blood relations. Wagadou's control over Manden came to a halt after internal instability lead to its decline. [41] Given the grandeur of his subsequent hajj, it is likely that Musa spent much of his early reign preparing for it. Corrections? Elephant ivory was another major source of wealth.When Mansa Musa went on a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca in 1324 C.E., his journey through Egypt caused quite a stir. The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba, where they became provincial chiefs. The northern commercial towns of Oualata and Audaghost were also conquered and became part of the new state's northern border. While on the hajj, he met the Andalusian poet and architect es-Saheli. [86] Qu was succeeded by his son Muhammad, who launched two voyages to explore the Atlantic Ocean. Mansa Musa ruled the Malian empire from 1312-1337 CE. When he did finally bow, he said he was doing so for God alone. Available from http://incompetech.com. [92] He was one of the first truly devout Muslims to lead the Mali Empire. Ms Is hajj left a lasting impression of Malis splendour on both the Islamic and European worlds. One of the five pillars of Islam states that Muslims should embark on a pilgrimage known as Hajj, to the holy city of Mecca.. In 1645, the Bamana attacked Manden, seizing both banks of the Niger right up to Niani. [48], Parallel to this debate, many scholars have argued that the Mali Empire may not have had a permanent "capital" in the sense that the word is used today, and historically was used in the Mediterranean world. Omissions? 10 Facts About Mansa Musa - Richest Man in History? But the Mali Empire built by his predecessors was too strong for even his misrule and it passed intact to Musa's brother, Souleyman Keita in 1341. [43] Djibril Tamsir Niane, a Guinean historian, has been a forceful advocate of this position in recent decades. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [136] While it was as good as gold in the north, it was even better in the south. His leadership of Mali, a state which stretched across two thousand . Combined in the rapidly spoken language of the Mandinka, the names formed Sondjata, Sundjata or Sundiata Keita. [49] It has been suggested that the name given in the Arabic sources for the capital of Mali is derived the Manding word "bambi", meaning "dais", and as such refers to the "seat of government" in general rather than being the name of a specific city. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli,. The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and Portuguese traders confirmed that the peoples of the Gambia were still subject to the mansa of Mali. He also states that Djata or "Jatah" means "lion". [112] Still, no help came from the envoy and further possessions of Mali were lost one by one. By the time they reached Suez, many of the Malian pilgrims had died of cold, starvation, or bandit raids, and they had lost many of their supplies. What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state. Gold dust was used all over the empire, but was not valued equally in all regions. Mansa Musa (about 1280 - about 1337) was an emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255, the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa. Grades 5 - 8 Subjects Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations, World History Image Timbuktu, Henrich Barth Painting The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajj to Mecca. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. [93] Emperor Bonga did not appear to hold the area, and it stayed within the Mali Empire after Maghan Keita III's death in 1400. Mss rule defined the golden age of Mali. [76] The latter possibility is corroborated by Ibn Khaldun calling Suleyman Musa's son in that passage, suggesting he may have confused Musa's brother Suleyman with Musa's son Maghan. The Joma area, governed from Siguiri, controlled the central region, which encompassed Niani. Ibn Battuta, who visited the capital city from 1352 to 1353, called it Mali. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali Server Costs Fundraiser 2023 Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. [75] It is possible that it was actually Musa's son Maghan who congratulated Abu al-Hasan, or Maghan who received Abu al-Hasan's envoy after Musa's death. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca happened between 1324 and 1325. He ruled the nation for nearly 25 years until his death in 1337 and is . A Golden Age: King Mansa Musa's Reign - Northwestern Magazine World History Encyclopedia. [115] The breakup of the Wolof Empire allowed Mali to reassert authority over some of its former subjects on the north bank of the Gambia, such as Wuli, by 1576. [61], According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, the cities of Gao and Timbuktu submitted to Musa's rule as he traveled through on his return to Mali. She or he will best know the preferred format. King of Kings in the Mandinka language a reference to a great ruler in the Mali Empire of ancient Africa. Scholars have located the capital in Niani, or somewhere on the Niger, or proposed that it changed several times, that there was no true capital, or even that it lay as far afield as the upper Gambia River in modern-day Senegal. Duties of the farba included reporting on the activities of the territory, collecting taxes and ensuring the native administration didn't contradict orders from Niani. Different oral traditions conflict with each other, as well as Ibn Khaldun, about the transfer of power following Sunjata's death. [78] Nehemia Levtzion regarded 1337 as the most likely date,[72] which has been accepted by other scholars. If the mansa didn't believe the dyamani-tigui was capable or trustworthy, a farba might be installed to oversee the province or administer it outright. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. During the height of Sundiata's power, the land of Manden (the area populated by the Mandinka people) became one of its provinces. The other major source of information comes from Mandinka oral tradition, as recorded by storytellers known as griots.[5]. [93] Sandaki Keita should not however be taken to be this person's name but a title. Research/Artwork: From Nothing Team. [51] Musa made a major point of showing off his nation's wealth. [122] Their forces marched as far north as Kangaba, where the mansa was obliged to make a peace with them, promising not to attack downstream of Mali. However, Al-Nasir Muhammad returned Musa's earlier show of generosity with gifts of his own. He sought closer ties with the rest of the Muslim world, particularly the Mamluk and Marinid Sultanates. This was due to the tax on trade in and out of the empire, along with all the gold Mansa Musa had. He was crowned under the throne name Sunidata Keita becoming the first Mandinka emperor. The 1375 Catalan Atlas portrayed a "city of Melly" (Catalan: ciutat de Melly) in West Africa. Facts About Mansa Musa - The Richest Human Being Who Ever Lived He brought architects from Andalusia, a region in Spain, and Cairo to build his grand palace in Timbuktu and the great Djinguereber Mosque that still stands today. [142][143] Numerous sources attest that the inland waterways of West Africa saw extensive use of war canoes and vessels used for war transport where permitted by the environment. The Catalan Atlas, published in 1375, depicts the richest man of his day: Mansa Musa, the emperor of 14th-century Mali. Included in al-Qalqashandi's quotation of al-'Umari, but not in any manuscript of al-'Umari's text itself, which only list thirteen provinces despite saying there are fourteen. [36][37][38], According to the Tarikh al-Fattash, Musa had a wife named Inari Konte. [93] Mansa Maghan Keita I spent wastefully and was the first lacklustre emperor since Khalifa Keita. [81] He went on the hajj during the reign of Mamluk sultan Baibars (12601277). At the time of Musa's ascension to the throne, Mali in large part consisted of the territory of the former Ghana Empire, which Mali had conquered. The mansa also made a successful hajj, kept up correspondence with Morocco and Egypt and built an earthen platform at Kangaba called the Camanbolon where he held court with provincial governors and deposited the holy books he brought back from Hedjaz. [7] Maghan I succeeded his father as mansa in 1337, but was deposed by his uncle Suleyman in 1341. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. Mansa Musa | Stanford History Education Group Mali flourished especially when Timbuktu came under Mansa Musa's control. We all know of Mansa Musa, possibly the richest man to ever - reddit Ibn Battuta comments on festival demonstrations of swordplay before the mansa by his retainers including the royal interpreter.