/BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman ->paying an increase of the original price for extras Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /S /Transparency What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /S /Transparency -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people >> New York . What is an internal versus an external attribution? 14 0 obj 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R /BM /Normal That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /Font << [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. endobj /ExtGState << naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. /Font << 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /GS8 28 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] membership. 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. endobj /Subtype /TrueType /BaseFont /Arial -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others /Resources << [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. >> /F3 23 0 R endobj /Endnote /Note category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived 22 0 obj Which is viewed as more homogeneous? [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. /CS /DeviceRGB they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. >> /StructParents 0 However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. What percentage showed complete compliance? "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. 7,000 & 6,000 \\ /F1 21 0 R 8 0 obj AS such, categorization provides This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. /Subtype /Type0 "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /S /Transparency What is situated social cognition? /Type /Font /Name /F1 << I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R -Conformity: /GS7 27 0 R /CA 1 /Annots [34 0 R] >> /Type /StructElem -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. /Tabs /S >> endobj It spans a topic. The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true /CS /DeviceRGB Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. << >> Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. /Contents 45 0 R >> -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. /GS8 28 0 R One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . /Type /Page attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. /F2 22 0 R When can it enhance social behavior? Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Group << /GS8 28 0 R [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Contents 38 0 R A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. /F4 24 0 R applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, 269273 . >> /FirstChar 32 (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. >> << << /Type /ExtGState -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group << What is social contagion? Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. 72 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. >> What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. /F4 24 0 R What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. /ExtGState << schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work /Group << >> Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . /Subtype /Type1 Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. << People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. Contents. >> The cognitive miser . ]"&4v /Tabs /S What is social facilitation? /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. endobj What is the power of single vivid instances? To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. . 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R >> April 2013 . /F4 24 0 R /BaseFont /Times-Bold /StructParents 3 >> Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U >> 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. >> The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. /FirstChar 32 -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . << [39][originalresearch? /Type /Group The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /S /Transparency Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. << -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. % What are its consequences? How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? 5,000 & 8,000 \\ Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. /F4 24 0 R >> affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. /Font << >> -Examples: sports events. >> The process of understanding what something is by knowing /Annots [51 0 R] /Type /Page /Group << Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /F5 25 0 R -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /Pages 2 0 R not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category /Resources << students and group work, are you assertive? /Type /Group COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts Introducing Cram Folders! /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R /Parent 2 0 R What is the difference between them? /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. /Tabs /S [>>>] Naive scientist b. Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. /Font << Discuss the validity of each statement. %PDF-1.4 Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. >> Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs.
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