cost of supervising a building project in nigeria

/P 451 0 R /P 455 0 R /K 32 Fee calculation for repetitive building can be tricky. /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R /S /P /P 464 0 R /S /P << Quite educative, Sir. /S /P >> endobj << endobj 56 0 obj 233 0 obj /Font << Thanks Nelson, I have written a new post on the 2016 Architects condition of engagement. stream endobj >> << >> /P 467 0 R 173 0 obj << >> /Pg 20 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] Actual cost, cost overrun, estimated cost, Nigeria, building projects. /Parent 8 0 R /P 466 0 R /S /P /P 10 0 R << %PDF-1.4 /Pg 21 0 R >> /S /GoTo 3. >> /K 106 >> /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) Hi Tayo, thanks for your observation. xref >> /Lang (EN-GB) 255 0 obj 302 0 obj Whatever your estimate, our economy is besieged by unending inflation. << /Pg 21 0 R /P 473 0 R Also, the repetitive Works Fees calculation (%) has changed.Now, it is: /P 506 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 230 0 obj /K 11 /K 62 Delay costs FG additional N679b on road projects | The Guardian Nigeria /Pg 21 0 R /P 466 0 R /P 10 0 R << >> /S /LBody /A 512 0 R /Pg 22 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /TT3 356 0 R /K 7 225 0 obj /S /P << 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R /Pg 17 0 R I have 18+ years of experience in complex roles requiring cost management and estimation for international high profile projects high in value. << /Pg 24 0 R /Resources << << There is, however, a dearth of research for this exercise. << << /Count 1 /K 43 /Lang (EN-GB) /K 7 endobj >> << /TT4 361 0 R <br . /K 23 /Pg 24 0 R << /S /P /S /P 284 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) You extrapolate the proposed building area from your design and multiply it by the prevailing cost per area of construction. /S /P /TT3 356 0 R /P 10 0 R /S /P /Pg 16 0 R >> /P 419 0 R Though there was some structural problems during the first phase( i.e to decking level), I must admit all went well. /P 10 0 R /TT4 375 0 R 78 0 obj /Pg 24 0 R endobj /P 10 0 R >> /K 70 133 0 obj /Pg 23 0 R 272 0 obj /Pg 17 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /K 109 /Lang (EN-GB) /K 6 The calculations in this post were done using the 1996 condition of engagement for architects which is still commonly used today. /Tabs /S /S /P << (2)The reputation of your contractor/professional (3)Earmark 20% of estimate for exigencies (4)Approve your building plan (5)Take proper documentation of any financial dealings (6)Go for quality not the cheapest (7)Consider seriously the safety of your workers on site >> endobj 52 0 obj /P 464 0 R March 7, 2018 << 47 0 obj /P 465 0 R /P 10 0 R /S /P /StructParents 1 /K 4 /Lang (EN-GB) 181 0 obj 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R What the Nigerian method of fee calculation can learn from Canada. That even government who prepared the scale of fees often dont agree. << 92 0 obj << /Type /Page >> /K 26 /K 68 /Pg 20 0 R /S /LBody /K 25 If you are saddled with the responsibility to supervise building projects you should know that it entails a whole lot than shouting orders. endobj /Pg 20 0 R >> /S /P endobj /P 460 0 R endobj /K 123 Fixing issues around your home can make it more efficient and comfortablenot to mention increase its value. << >> /S /LBody /S /P /Pg 22 0 R 188 0 obj construction project does not include the procurement of goods and so on << /K 2 /K 15 89 0 obj 289 0 obj endobj 268 0 obj >> /K 20 /P 471 0 R /K 58 It involves the use of percentages. /Parent 8 0 R The research aimed at appraising or assessing supervision of building projects in Ekpoma, Edo state. 124 0 obj When purchasing materials, always go for the best quality. /Pg 22 0 R A builder should be concerned with monitoring and evaluating the construction project. << endobj /P 424 0 R IFB - Nigeria - Development Plus Operations & Maintenance of Solar /K 5 << /P 10 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] in Building Process, Real Estate, Real Estate Articles /K [426 0 R 427 0 R 428 0 R 429 0 R 430 0 R 431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R 434 0 R 435 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R << endobj 57 0 obj /P 468 0 R /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-US) >> endobj << >> /Lang (EN-GB) << >> endobj /TT0 363 0 R /P 463 0 R >> /Tabs /S Construction Supervision approach to be adopted, aiming to deliver the best to minimize errors that result in demolition and unnecessary repetition of work because of an error or image quality jobs that do not meet the requirement. I. Effect Building Material Cost Housing Development /Lang (EN-GB) When ETC changes in the course of the project, stages 1 & 2 of the architects fees can remain the same, but Stage 3 must be calculated with the TCS. /P 10 0 R /K 1 /Lang (EN-GB) 217 0 obj In that case, what will you use to fight back or at least be paid compensation for your property? /Pg 24 0 R /Contents 381 0 R 91 0 obj >> 116 0 obj /Artifact /P /P 453 0 R /P 464 0 R endobj 81 0 obj /K 8 As a result, there is an urgent need to address the high cost of these products which is said to have slowed down the growth of the building and construction sector in Nigeria.Building materials constitute the largest single input in housing construction. /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P 223 0 obj PDF Effect of Cost Control on Building Projects Delivery in Nigeria - CORE /Tabs /S >> Katya Da Silva - Lead Cost Engineer - Wood | LinkedIn /S /L /Pg 21 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R << /Lang (EN-GB) /P 462 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << endobj /K 75 /K 20 This implies that you will be involved right in at the deep end, and taking a lot of responsibilities. /P 451 0 R endobj /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /Pg 16 0 R <> 170 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R Building professionals can be of immense benefits when you need them at short notice and at little cost. << /K 7 3. << << /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /K 30 /P 460 0 R 71 0 obj 193 0 obj /K 92 endobj endobj Whatever kind of material you are purchasing; make sure they will be ready when you need them, in their right amounts. /K 33 << 31 0 obj 196 0 obj /K 408 0 R 121 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R endobj /Pg 20 0 R Who can stand for him, or recommend him to carry out your job? /Contents 382 0 R /K 12 285 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) I'm sure the Architect in question is competent, to me that's all that matters. endobj /K 65 Weldone and all the best in your career abroad. 0000001020 00000 n /S /LBody >> /S /P /P 10 0 R /K 85 313 0 obj /K 42 61 0 obj /S /P endobj >> mjd%-@ysqUc465 WDSeL|k|:SUJ%}[I3[;v~/@GK6|wc:m~}gN: ! q:SXtsr.Zbbs3,FfY>fD@,sgro^,kL}Yal]zjg8nrU>pa+|cWa|`o"k[f^_Ck^^7Y U+A5{qj;l/luhTQ'bV, }5k[fcG #QCU Q[(T|YYm Its good to hear from you. /K 38 /K 1 /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P best to minimize errors that result in demolition and unnecessary endobj endobj /S /P It has the capacity to attract over $9 billion in revenue annually, making it a major industrial estate. /S /P /Pg 20 0 R >> application/pdf /Lang (EN-GB) fat /Lang (EN-GB) null 334 0 R null null null 335 0 R null null null 336 0 R << @*V1LPx} aJfHZp 4YoGGW@y`d,71DCJu;F endobj endobj 1 0 obj 65 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /K 28 /Length 734 /S /P /Outlines 3 0 R << endobj endobj /P 465 0 R 36 0 obj >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 22 0 R >> uuid:0f91b3d7-4433-4375-960a-791b670ff8c4 >> /S /P /S /P ZMP+lzQP#(\( [fuJxh(,z^/jKRyb^w4Fqc)]X?[`%)4#9IS!bQR)?7{'oiq 1u.pv2hYA;A!3aiG/NFDDaRO>{h4FrMJOY}Euf +S19=I z << null null null 332 0 R null null null 333 0 R null null /Pg 22 0 R /K 2 /S /P /P 493 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) I always enjoy reading your articles.It will interest you to know that a lot of changes/reviews have been made as regards the scale of fees calculation back here in Nigeria.This is in accordance to ARCON standard(as stated in the Conditions of Engagement,Charges and Agreement for Professional Architects). /S /P /StructParents 5 endobj /P 459 0 R /P 465 0 R << /P 477 0 R 239 0 obj Centenary City is the largest and most expensive construction project in Nigeria. 162 0 obj /S /P endobj Lastly, in addition to the architects professional fee, he is also entitled to reimbursable expenses. /P 450 0 R <> List Of All Sheets Required In A Complete Architectural Drawing, From Victorian to Parametric: The Emerging Trends in Architecture, Additional site visits other than the single monthly meetings, Site visit or work done during the defect liability period. While Adedeji(2010) observed that about sixty (60) per cent of the total housing . >> endobj >> /S /P /Font << /Parent 3 0 R endobj endobj /Lang (EN-GB) 166 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /TT2 356 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << /S /P /K 117 /Lang (EN-GB) << <> >> 72 0 obj >> endobj /P 494 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << There must be a setting out of a cost target that will be spent on the proposed project. /P 471 0 R >> >> /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-US) >> 1 Comment. /Pg 18 0 R 46 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) << /ParentTree 11 0 R 6JZjwW?\?/^~m(;V[opou q4c]8?8Nck p*yr%8a?o1}k5'm. <]/Prev 182772>> /P 469 0 R ETC can change in the course of design until the project is awarded and the total construction sum (TCS) is ascertained. /P 456 0 R 180 0 obj << >> >> /S /P endobj Estimating the amount of cost overruns at different stages of ongoing construction projects is important for project success. /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P x}7 C,jN%{hCZj4?%Hfg[d0FWwWOo7Wl~Fn6o?S_mz]}[;oo_]ovf5Nqzwmool=m|g;`R-|{6[v_C;&;-fLkfjls}H_k endobj 192 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /InlineShape /Figure /P 471 0 R /P 471 0 R /K 14 endobj null null null 327 0 R null null null 328 0 R null null 244 0 obj stream /K 122 /K 0 135 0 obj 332 0 obj /K 48 /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 20 0 R /S /P 291 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /P 478 0 R /P 458 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 322 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R Selecting Various Building Materials for Various Climates in Bali Learning the Modern House Construction in Bali Construction Supervision approach to be adopted, aiming to deliver the /F11 366 0 R 3 [54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R /P 455 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-US) /TT3 359 0 R /P 10 0 R endobj /First 7 0 R << << >> >> << /S /LBody endobj /C2_0 374 0 R << 152 0 obj >> << >> Take the total and that is your total professional fee. iv) Building projects are seen as a major for the social benefit of all and sundry. >> /S /P /Pg 17 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /BS << endobj 63 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /K 54 /S /P endobj endstream From the table above, an architect commissioned to undertake a project with an estimated total cost (ETC) of N18,200,500 will be entitled to a professional fee of N823,521.25. /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P 297 0 obj endobj 75 0 obj >> >> >> Next 10=50%. /K [406 0 R 407 0 R] /K 14 << 344 0 obj /XObject << /Lang (EN-US) << 115 0 obj /K 127 /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /P 10 0 R /S /P /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endstream >> /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /P 432 0 R << endobj Site supervision beyond the original contract period. /P 459 0 R >> << /S /P endobj >> But make sure you dont stretch your budget to the limit. /ParentTreeNextKey 11 /P 440 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R It is important to get approval for your building plan and obtain a building permit from the statutory authorities. /Lang (EN-GB) 316 0 obj >> /S /P endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] 1 0 obj /P 479 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R null null << How did you come about this cost per sqm for projects in Nigeria /K 6 endobj /K 79 /K 23 292 0 obj >> /S /LBody /ColorSpace << The investigation included ongoing building-construction projects within Abuja, from which a sample of 30 building projects (public and private) was purposively selected (project value of ZAR100 million and above). /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R Supervision of building project ranges from employing project manager to self supervision, depending on the size and kind of project. endobj 176 0 obj >> /Lang (EN-US) 295 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj >> endobj /S /P /P 504 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 0 /K [401 0 R 402 0 R 403 0 R 404 0 R 405 0 R] Your donation is guaranteed to directly contribute to Africans sharing their research output with a global readership. 0000009232 00000 n 'Why Partnership Is Key To Efficient Sourcing Of Construction Materials' In Nigeria, you can use a value of between N70,000 N150,000 per square meter depending on the quality of construction (2018). Because, based on this value, then the example you gave above will have a built up area of about 260 sqm (using the low range of 70k). /P 460 0 R /P 448 0 R >> /P 457 0 R >> /P 454 0 R << /K 24 >> endobj /Pg 20 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-US) /Tabs /S /S /P /K 83 /Pg 20 0 R /Tabs /S The most important information required in fee calculation using the scale of fees is the estimated total cost (ETC) of construction. >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) 6 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) 26 0 obj >> endobj 150 0 obj /P 10 0 R /K 120 The Federal Lighter Terminal has 1670 meters and four berths operated by Intels. >> 74 0 obj >> Using 1.67 as a multiplier might mean I'm making one . <> /K 22 /S /P >> The decking should be completed in October after the rains. /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R 12 0 obj >> /Pg 16 0 R << >> /ColorSpace << /Lang (EN-GB) /S /LBody /Pg 23 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj /P 428 0 R >> For small building projects, you can save the hassle of employing the project manager, by supervising your own project. /K 13 /Length 3582 /Kids [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R] Gabriel Esu - Project Contracts Manager - LinkedIn endobj /Lang (EN-US) >> /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /K 111 /TT3 375 0 R >> >> 1 [37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R] /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 20 0 R /K 56 << /K 7 /Pg 15 0 R /K [393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R 397 0 R] The core function of a builder in any construction project is Building Production Management. /P 468 0 R On building projects, Architects are aware they are to charge 4.75% but often wrongly apply it. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj /S /P Evaluate, coordinate and control the program of activities prepared by the Contractor of construction that consists of a program to achieve construction targets, programs, provision and use of materials and the use of funds. endobj endobj kT8i\yj kq7RD 10J4 "R @[Fm@5b`;/A!q7 I am a result-oriented professional with 15+ years of Progressive Experience in Construction Project Management with roles in Estimating, Contract Administration, Vendor Management, Change & Claims Management and Project Controls of landmark Residential, ICI and Infrastructure projects cumulatively worth over CAD$1.50 Billion. Core Professional Strengths: Construction Cost & Contract . /K 11 /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 20 0 R << There can never be a fixed Price for architectural supervision. /Lang (EN-GB) 16 0 obj << 131 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R << /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /P 454 0 R >> /K 32 /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 456 0 R >> /S /P << >> 109 0 obj 123 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) 248 0 obj >> >> 0000008248 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) >> << /Pg 20 0 R /K 4 endobj << Construction Supervision Fee Definition | Law Insider 111 0 obj >> Construction work is expected to cost $1.9 billion. /P 10 0 R /P 469 0 R /Pg 20 0 R >> /Lang (EN-GB) 107 0 obj /TT2 356 0 R Dont hesitate to ask for discounts as you will be shocked by the amount of money that will be returned to you. /Lang (EN-GB) >> endobj /Pg 24 0 R /P 389 0 R << /Pg 21 0 R You can also save cost unknowingly when you build the biggest possible size you can afford as it will cost less if done at the initial stage rather than as extension later on especially when you are sure of your capabilities. /K 44 /K 86 << /Lang (EN-GB) >> 436 0 R 437 0 R 438 0 R 439 0 R 440 0 R 441 0 R 442 0 R 443 0 R 444 0 R] /P 10 0 R 309 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 19 0 R << /Im1 369 0 R 338 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 94 0 obj /Parent 4 0 R endobj /Pg 21 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) 0000003817 00000 n << /Count 5 endobj /Type /Page >> /K 19 /Pg 17 0 R << /Lang (EN-US) Where you store your materials is also important. >> /W 0 >> endobj /S /LBody /Pg 24 0 R 41 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) These expenses add to the direct cost of a project and increase the base to which he adds markup. /S /P /P 467 0 R << /S /P /P 417 0 R /S /P >> The cost per area can be gotten from a QS or from your construction experience. >> << Waqas Amin PMP - Planning and cost Engineer - Alpago Group | LinkedIn << 5 0 obj >> HUMo0W( /K6PH[C8]eIz)J"UvYgg-L1]fgumf*Tz:i-c3 >> endobj >> Centenary City is a master-planned development overseen by Centenary City Developers FZE, in a joint venture agreement with Centenary City PLC and Front Range Developers FZE, as part of Nigerias vision to create the city of the future smart cityalong the same lines asDubai,MonacoandSingapore. /S /P WCrq$PyL_@caSKR7|n| e5Rr47[.OvPLl_?\wk-:J_z-wvmJ.QsQYZ%aC1N-#,)`ZG bAq#r^'.v=`uQ.Z^e7 zO]GzRdVg~|(OGOxWqpsM$pp,HF` T5 Lagos Ibadan Railway Modernisation Project is a section of the greater LagosKano Standard Gauge Railway. Labour cost for mixing, pouring and consolidation of concrete = 170,000 Supervision cost = 50,000 Casting of ground floor slab = 1,633,300 Therefore, the tentative cost of raising the building from foundation to DPC is 5,193,935 without the contractor's profit and overhead. /S /LBody Keywords: Cost overrun, public building, construction project, effect of, cost overrun, project management. << /Lang (EN-GB) >> << 21 0 obj null 313 0 R null null null 314 0 R null null null 315 0 R /P 10 0 R These comprised schedule data on 51 public and 41 private building projects as well as cost data on 42 public and 33 private building projects. endobj /Pg 23 0 R /Type /Pages endobj A ground-breaking ceremony finally took place on 7 March 2017, and the railway was scheduled for completion in December 2018. 174 0 obj << /Tabs /S 186 0 obj /P 451 0 R /S /P << 7 [100 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 143 0 obj Are they safe from theft, dampness and excessive heat? /K 21 endobj >> /Pg 20 0 R << 7 0 obj endobj /K 10 /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P << /S /P /TT2 358 0 R /S /P /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /Pg 20 0 R If you are a businessman with an approved plan, you can turn your property as collateral to obtain loan from the bank to help your business. 86 0 obj /P 474 0 R Work is underway that will bring the total length to 1500 meters and the number of berths to six. >> >> /TT1 359 0 R /Resources << >> endobj /S /LBody /P 10 0 R /K 7 stream /Pg 20 0 R /P 471 0 R /Pg 24 0 R << /K 110 endobj /P 439 0 R >> /Lang (EN-GB) z'gBr{3,' 9{X.N3FE\\8l?p (q1Ed=>6oB# << /S /P /Pg 20 0 R >> << endobj >> /K 27 /Company () As you know, several factors can influence construction costs such as project type, project complexity, quality of finishes, construction procurement type, etc. /P 10 0 R >> /K 46 /Lang (EN-GB) Why not Choosing Vibrant Colors for Bali Architectural Floor Tiling? /K 105 /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) * Manage the cost of construction projects from pre-contract to post-contract stages. Cost of building a duplex in Nigeria (foundation to DPC) /Filter /FlateDecode /P 467 0 R >> Work Supervision includes several aspects: To design a format that is obtained in hard copy paper is composed of A3 and A4 as an attachment to adjust the selection of the selected design package. >> /P 10 0 R endobj /S /P >> /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R /Pg 21 0 R /K 5 /Pages 4 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) 99 0 obj 0000010280 00000 n endobj /TT2 361 0 R /K 23 /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /ColorSpace << /S /P 236 0 obj << /TT4 364 0 R >> /S /P endobj /Resources << /Filter /FlateDecode 242 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) >> /Pg 20 0 R endobj << /Pg 14 0 R << << /Pg 18 0 R /Type /Catalog 3/f|ySES#V01c0'LA=%4@ OA /StructParents 10 /K 26 126 0 R null null null 127 0 R null null null 128 0 R null << << 42 0 obj /K 28 >> endobj 216 0 obj /SourceModified (D:20151028174204) << << /S /P >> /Pg 20 0 R The port is expected to cost $2.7 billion to construct. 245 0 obj << /S /P /GS0 355 0 R endobj %PDF-1.5 Propose changes and adjustments in the field to solve problems that occur during construction work and the owner is the decision maker. >> /S /LBody /S /LBody /S /P /Pg 20 0 R >> 270 0 R 102 0 R 271 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R endobj /S /P >> /S /P i=_{EGL@Z-^f)1G`Vl"wl6tWp4#eGGBE1=BWJq(i 258 0 obj /Type /Pages endobj /P 463 0 R 262 0 obj >> /S /P /Contents 376 0 R endobj /Pg 15 0 R << 10 0 obj endobj 249 0 obj /Rotate 0 /S /P 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R 260 0 R 99 0 R] >> . 345 0 obj /S /P 304 0 obj endobj /Pg 21 0 R /TT4 361 0 R /Length 928 /TT1 359 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 25% (Nominal site supervision) - Stage 3; . Get a capable and reputable contractor. /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 18 0 R Required fields are marked *, School of Estate celebrates successful completion of her Real Estate Business Course 53rd Stream, The Affordable Mass Housing Provision N3trillion Pension Boost, Why cement price is highest in Kano, Lagos markets, Stakeholders query FGs costly housing prices nationwide. /TT2 375 0 R /P 453 0 R /A 398 0 R /K 93 >> /K 112 /S /P /S /P /Lang (EN-US) << >> /K 87 endobj endobj /Pg 20 0 R 5 0 obj /TextBox /Art /Border [0 0 0] /K 51 It is widely used by architects because it is easy to understand and communicate with clients.
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